Though much of eastern North America just endured a wintry cold snap, it was not that long ago that the weather felt summery. In fact, it was just two weeks ago—well into autumn.
Weather records fell across the northeastern United States and Canada’s Quebec and Maritime provinces in October 2017. According to the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), the month was the warmest on record (since 1895) for all six New England states. Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut all witnessed monthly average temperatures that were 4.2 to 4.4 degrees Celsius (7.5 to 7.9 degrees Fahrenheit) above the 20th century average.
Temperatures also were much warmer than average in the Mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, as well as the far Southwest. At least 20 cities—including Burlington, Albany, Portland, and New York City—set new October records. In contrast, six cities in the Rocky Mountains reported October temperatures that were among their top-10 coldest.
Environment Canada reported that dozens of cities across eastern Canada had their warmest September and October on record, including Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec, Fredericton, and Halifax. The long-term average temperature in Montreal across both months is typically 12.0°C (53.6°F), but this year the city saw a record-breaking average of 15.9°C (60.6°F). Similarly, Ottawa measured a two-month average of 14.5°C (58.1°F), compared to the long-term average of 11.5°C, (52.7°F). Toronto fell just short of its warmest September and October on record.
The nationally averaged U.S. temperature for October 2017 was 13.2°C (55.7°F), which is 0.9°C (1.6°F) above the 20th century average. The warm October temperatures in Canada and the U.S. Northeast were attributed to a strong ridge of high pressure that caused a large northward bulge in the jet stream.
According to NCEI, the span of January through October has been the third warmest and second wettest on record for the lower 48 United States. The map above shows land surface temperature anomalies for October 2017 compared to the average conditions for all Octobers between 2002-2016. The measurements represent the temperature of the top 1 millimeter of the land surface during the daytime. Land surface temperatures (LSTs) should not be confused with air temperatures; LSTs reflect the heating of forests, grasslands, cities, and bare ground by sunlight, and they can sometimes differ significantly from air temperatures. (To learn more about LSTs and air temperatures, read Where is the Hottest Place on Earth?)
The data come from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite. AIRS is a hyperspectral infrared sensor that observes atmospheric and surface conditions at 2,378 separate wavelengths. This makes it possible for scientists to create three-dimensional temperature profiles that go from the surface to 40 kilometers (25 miles) in altitude.
It might feature such thought-stretching concepts as time travel and warp drives, but reading science fiction actually makes you read more “stupidly”, according to new research.
In a paper published in the journal Scientific Study of Literature,
Washington and Lee University professors Chris Gavaler and Dan Johnson
set out to measure how identifying a text as science fiction makes
readers automatically assume it is less worthwhile, in a literary sense,
and thus devote less effort to reading it. They were prompted to do
their experiment by a 2013 study which found that literary fiction made readers more empathetic than genre fiction.
Their study, detailed in the paper “The Genre Effect,” saw the
academics work with around 150 participants who were given a text of
1,000 words to read. In each version of the text,
a character enters a public eating area and interacts with the people
there, after his negative opinion of the community has been made public.
In the “literary” version of the text, the character enters a diner
after his letter to the editor has been published in the town newspaper.
In the science fiction version, he enters a galley in a space station
inhabited by aliens and androids as well as humans.
After they read the text, participants were asked how much they
agreed with statements such as “I felt like I could put myself in the
shoes of the character in the story”, and how much effort they spent
trying to work out what characters were feeling.
Gavaler and Johnson write that the texts are identical apart from
“setting-creating” words such as “door” and “airlock”: they say this
should have meant that readers were equally good at inferring the
feelings of characters, an ability known as theory of mind.
This was not the case. “Converting the text’s world to science
fiction dramatically reduced perceptions of literary quality, despite
the fact participants were reading the same story in terms of plot and
character relationships,” they write. “In comparison to narrative
realism readers, science fiction readers reported lower transportation,
experience taking, and empathy. Science fiction readers also reported
exerting greater effort to understand the world of the story, but less
effort to understand the minds of the characters. Science fiction readers scored lower in comprehension, generally, and in the subcategories of theory of mind, world, and plot.”
Readers of the science fiction story “appear to have expected an
overall simpler story to comprehend, an expectation that overrode the
actual qualities of the story itself”, so “the science fiction setting
triggered poorer overall reading”.
The science fiction setting “appears to predispose readers to a less
effortful and comprehending mode of reading – or what we might term
non-literary reading – regardless of the actual intrinsic difficulty of
the text”, they write.
Gavaler said he was moved to undertake the study after being
irritated by the 2013 empathy research. Carried out by psychologists
David Comer Kidd and Emanuele Castano, it gave participants extracts of
texts by writers such as Danielle Steel or Gillian Flynn, identifying
these as “genre” fiction, or extracts of more “literary” works, then
analysing how accurately readers could identify emotions in others. The
literary readers, they found, were better at doing this.
Gavaler said: “I think their study has so many problems. I also teach
creative writing and contemporary fiction with a particular interest in
hybrid ‘literary genre’ works, so I was especially annoyed by how their
category divisions weren’t accurate. For example, my short story “Is” was
published in the literary journal New England Review and then later in
the genre anthology Best American Fantasy.”
The academic, who is also the author of a guide to superhero comics,
said that he and Johnson were “surprised by how sharp the results were”
on genre in their own study, which only alters words and phrases in the
texts to produce their different settings.
“While this wouldn’t be true of all readers, for those who are biased
against SF, thinking of it as an inferior genre of fiction, they assume
the story will be less worthwhile, one that doesn’t require or reward
careful reading, and so they read less attentively. This then lowers
their scores on objective comprehension tests because they miss so much.
Interestingly, they don’t even realise it, because they still report
that the story required less effort to understand. It’s a
self-fulfilling bias – except we can now show objectively that the
weakness is with the reader, not the story itself,” said Gavaler.
“So when readers who are biased against SF read the word ‘airlock’,
their negative assumptions kick in – ‘Oh, it’s that kind of story’ – and
they begin reading poorly. So, no, SF doesn’t really make you stupid.
It’s more that if you’re stupid enough to be biased against SF you will
read SF stupidly.”
Gavaler said that in the future, he would like to test readers’
responses to longer texts and to other genres, exploring whether “genre
markers” such as a cowboy hat or a sorcerer’s wand would have similar
effects on readers. He was not, he added, tempted to move away from
genre in his own writing. “The study makes me want to blend genres even
more. I’m working on a short story that could be categorised as a
literary science fiction horror western. I have a novel manuscript
that’s a literary YA supernatural thriller. Another is a literary
mystery about superhero comics. The possibilities are exciting and
endless,” he said.
“I was paradoxically pleased by the results … In an ideal world,
there would be no bias. But if it exists, and it does, it’s useful to
expose it.”
Science fiction author Jon Courtenay Grimwood said that “the problem
is a very basic one – people give an art form the care and attention
they think it deserves. (Or perhaps have been told it deserves.) You get
out of a book what you bring to it. Well, most books.”
So the issue isn’t the genre (i.e., science fiction) itself, but with the misconception that certain genres are a “lesser” form of literature and thus folks are more likely to skim over it rather than actually read the work in question.
it took me far too long to find out who painted this
it was painted by Marcos Lopez and you can find his blog here. I know these russian posts are funny and cute but this is still uncredited art. Please spread this version with credit attached
look at the southwest end of Portland Oregon’s official borders what the fuck happened
This is White Flight Zoning. The suburban areas that have a rich white population will often try and make the rich neighborhoods around a City their own polity so that they wont have to pay taxes that go to the poor schools and can just pay for their own child’s primo education. No taxes for balancing out the wealth, only Taxes that help keep the wealth in your community. This is why cities often have holes in them and rough borders like these.
Urocyon's Jaunts 2.0 
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